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Links to colleagues and collaborators. Ecological and Evolutionary Biology at MSU. Evolutionary and Conservation Genetics Lab. Home for all that is. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. University of Texas, Austin. Jim Mallet - Harvard. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Department of Biological Sciences.
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這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 三月 2011
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html
Skelhorn J and Ruxton GD. (2010). Mimicking multiple models: polyphenetic masqueraders gain additional benefits from crypsis. Behav. Ecol. 22. 60–65. doi:10.1093/beheco/arq166 [ full text. 許多生物會藉由擬態無生命的物體來躲避天敵的攻擊，這個現象稱為偽裝(masquerade)。但偽裝的優勢會依被模仿者的數量和偽裝者的比例不同而不同，因此，當物種同時具有不同的多態型時可能是最有利的存在方式，例如：美國胡椒蛾(Biston betularia cognataria)幼蟲就是具有多態型的物種，其幼蟲取食樺木(birch trees)的會像樺木枝條，取食柳樹(willow trees)的就會長得像柳樹枝條。在此作者認為此幼蟲於不同寄主上所呈現的多態型是一種擬態行為，因此，作...訂閱： 文章 (Atom). Classical case study: Heliconius. Robert E Reed (加州大學爾灣分校).
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 三月 2012
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2012_03_01_archive.html
Pegram KV, Han HA, Rutowski RL. 2012. Overnight perching aggregations of the aposematic Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): implications for predation risk and warning signal use. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 9-16[Online information has not been updated]. 警戒色除了能加速捕食者的迴避學習之外，也會提高自身被捕食者發現的機率，所以具警戒色的物種，演化出利用相互聚集的方式入夜，以分散捕食風險。在此Pegram等人則認為除了以個體數分散捕食風險之外，聚集可能也會改變翅紋訊號而影響捕食者行為，因此，以 Pipevine Swallowtail. Classical case study: Papilio. 訂閱： 文章 (Atom).
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 四月 2011
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html
Lindstedt C, Eager H, Ihalainen E, Kahilainen A, Stevens M, Mappesa J. (2011). Direction and strength of selection by predators for the color of the aposematic wood tiger moth. Behav. Ecol. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr017[ full text. Sp作為隱蔽性獵物，並以pied flycatchers及Great tits作為捕食者進行了四個實驗：. A) 同時提供顯眼性與隱蔽性獵物，去看在不同獵物下，捕食者的攻擊行為是否有差異；. 翅紋的差異及實驗背景，去進行色彩及亮度的標定，再去比較捕食者視神經的接收比率、製成模型比較；. 結果發現：具警戒的顯眼性獵物較具有存活優勢，並且高度的對比色可以加快捕食者的迴避學習，但由於. 標籤： Classical case study: Tiger moths;. Predator: Testing Aposematism and Mimicry.
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 二月 2010
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.html
Http:/ www.tamstuart.com/. Source: Skelhorn J. and Rowe C. (2010). Birds learn to use distastefulness as a signal of toxicity. Proc. R. Soc. B. 具有警戒色的獵物展示顯眼的體色用以警告它們的捕食者其不適口度，並且讓捕食者迅速的學習避免再度攻擊同類的獵物。雖然這樣的機制能夠有效的讓捕食者學習避免捕食，但卻沒有讓捕食者知道到底獵物有多不好吃，而這牽扯到如何能將不適口度較低的獵物包含在捕食者的飲食內，並在這樣的獵物中取得最大能量與生理上抵抗其毒性間取得平衡。因此，捕食者應該要能夠判斷這些受保護的獵物中的毒性高低。在本篇文章的實驗中，作者使用歐洲 椋. 標籤： Predator-Prey arm race. Predator: Testing Aposematism and Mimicry. Photo from http:/ www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/moth.html. 擬態生物學家對於共棲並擬態蝴蝶的翅紋多樣性，抱持著讚...
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 八月 2009
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html
Venomous Sea Snakes Play Heads Or Tails With Their Predators. Rasmussen.A.R, Elmberg.J. 2009. Head for my tail': a new hypothesis to explain how venomous sea snakes avoid becoming prey. Marine Ecology DOI:. 101111/j.1439-0485.2009.00318. Sea snakes are widespread and conspicuous inhabitants of shallow waters in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are agile top predators and possess extremely potent venom, but they are still susceptible to predation by large fish, e.g. Complex, and possibly in other speci...
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 六月 2011
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html
Skelhorn J, Ruxton GD. (2011). Context-dependent misclassification of masquerading prey. Evol Ecol. 25:751–761. DOI 10.1007/s10682-010-9435-9. 部份的物種會以改變自己的外觀或行為等方式達到隱蔽的作用，而這些方式稱為偽裝，並且相較於正常獵物，無經驗的捕食者較不容易發現偽裝的獵物。在此，作者以小雞作為捕食者，以. 的能力，再 (1)改變樹枝背景使獵物顯眼性產生差異 (2)改變獵物和枝條的量，結果顯示，當獵物數較多且和背景相比較突出時，對有經驗的捕食者而言是最有利的；在與背景相比，顯眼性差的獵物其捕食者攻擊延遲的時間也比較久。因此，作者認為結果顯示偽裝可能要付出代價，且捕食者的決定可能是相當複雜而受多因子影響的。 標籤： Camouflage and Crypsis. Marples NM, Mappes J. (2011). Evol Ecol. 25. 737–749. DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9434-x. González-Bernal ...
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 十月 2014
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2014_10_01_archive.html
65292;大意是說有人為了避免蝸牛被路殺所以在其殼上彩繪，希望這樣就能讓人類注意到蝸牛的存在而不要把牠們踩死。 但就我們研究警戒與擬態的角度來說，我們認為這種作法天真且有些荒謬，為什麼呢？ 在偽裝(camouflage)與警戒(aposematism)形成的假說，以及許多實驗的結果，都告訴我們缺乏次級防禦(secondary defense)(例如化學防禦)的獵物多半具有隱匿色(cryptic coloration)，因為這樣才能避免被天敵偵側，即使具有隱匿色不保證完全不會被攻擊；. 警戒性形成的假說告訴我們，如果原本是隱匿的獵物出現了突變(例如白子)，使之在環境背景中變得醒目(conspicuous)，這時候就有可能吸引天敵的注意，而增高被攻擊的風險；. 在什麼情況下天敵會不吃彩繪蝸牛呢？也就是當天敵具"恐新"(neophobia)的時候(看到沒看過的就不碰)，那這樣的顏色就可能讓天敵在第一時間不碰牠們。但一旦天敵看習慣了，最後又因為好奇而嘗試而吃蝸牛時，而且發現牠們其實可以吃，那就真的是災難。 65292;為什麼？市面上賣的驅鳥用品不外乎幾種類型：(1) 把整個天敵(或...如果是因為眼紋像天敵的...
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 一月 2011
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html
Rowland HM, Wiley E, Ruxton GD, Mappes J and Speed MP. (2010). When more is less: the fitness consequences of predators attacking more unpalatable prey when more are presented. 732-735. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0207 [ Full text. 1879年，Fritz Müller提出：在擬態行為中，當具警戒信號的獵物比例增加時，獵物的被捕食風險將會降低，因此作者以110隻雄性小雞(. Predator: Testing Aposematism and Mimicry. 訂閱： 文章 (Atom). Classical case study: Heliconius. Classical case study: Junonia. Classical case study: milk snake vs coral snake. Classical case study: Papilio.
這是什麼啊? 可以吃嗎?: 八月 2010
http://mimicrybiology.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html
Exnerová, A., Svádová, K., Štys, P., Barcalová, S., Landová, E., Prokopová, M., Fuchs, R. and Socha, R. 2006) Importance of colour in the reaction of passerine predators to aposematic prey: experiments with mutants of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88. 143-153. [ Full text. Prokopová, M., Veselý, P., Fuchs, R. and Zrzavý, J. 4): 890–898. [ Abstract. 標籤： Experimental Ethology. Predator: Testing Aposematism and Mimicry. 訂閱： 文章 (Atom). Physiological regulation a...
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Citizen initiatives - Countermand Amendment Convention, Single Issue Amendment Conventions
Charles Kacprowicz, Host. Restoring our Constitutional Republic with the Article V Countermand Amendment. Spruce Pine, NC 28777. Posterity-you will never know how much it has cost my generation to preserve your Freedom. I hope you will make good use of it.". Policy statement comparing Conventions of States and Citizen Initiatives. State Legislators must not abdicate their Article V sovereignty to delegates at a Convention, or to any branch of the Federal government, or to State Governors. The Amendment a...
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Counter strike
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countermanlab.biology.msstate.edu
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We study the Evolutionary Genomics of Adaptation and Speciation. Department of Biological Sciences.
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Pic of the Week. Welcome to Counter-Map, your complete Counter-Strike mapping resource center. Having questions about anything mapping related? Check out the tutorial section or forum. Fri, June 27th, 2008 by. Here is a map that I have been working on for quite some time. It's not finished yet so bare with the full bright and missing textures. When it is released it will be a polished gem. Thur, Sep 07th, 2006 by. You can download a large and small version of the logos in TGA format,. Random Map Idea -.
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Counter/Mapping QMary
Monday, 16 April 2012. A final reflection on the QMary countermapping adventure. It's been a long time since the QMary Countermapping project came to an end, and much has changed in our lives and the world since. This post is to close the circle, and offer some resources to those of you who might stumble across it in the future. We hope this will provide a useful online reference for all that are mapping and challenging the rules of the neoliberal university across the globe! In struggle and maps,. In li...
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