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Phosphorus
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Atomic Weight: 30.97. Atomic Radius: 180 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 44.15 C. Boiling Point: 280.5 C. Oxidation States: 5, 3, -3. From the Greek phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise. Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine. In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70% to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for ferti...
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Carbon
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Atomic Weight: 12.01. Atomic Radius: 170 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 3550 C. Boiling Point: 3800 C. Oxidation States: 2, 4, -4. From the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties...
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Sodium
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Atomic Weight: 22.99. Atomic Radius: 227 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 97.8 C. Boiling Point: 883 C. From the English word, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum: a headache remedy. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. O), and borax (Na. Metallic ...
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Boron
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Atomic Weight: 10.81. Atomic Radius: 192 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 2075 C. Boiling Point: 4000 C. From the Arabic word Buraq, Persian Burah. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually found in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in boron and colemantie. By far the most commercially important boron co...
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Silicon
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Atomic Weight: 28.09. Atomic Radius: 210 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 1414 C. Boiling Point: 3265 C. Oxidation States: 2, 4, -4. From the Latin. word silex, silicis, flint. In 1800, Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is ...
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Potassium
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Atomic Weight: 39.10. Atomic Radius: 275 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 65.5 C. Boiling Point: 759 C. From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential ...
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Beryllium
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Atomic Weight: 9.012. Atomic Radius: 153 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: 1287 C. Boiling Point: 2471 C. From the Greek word beryllos, beryl; also called glucinium or glucinum, Greek glykys, sweet. Discovered in the oxide form by Vauquelin in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for...
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Helium
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Atomic Weight: 4.003. Atomic Radius: 140 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: -272.2 C. Boiling Point: -268.93 C. Oxidation States: —. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found in the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. As an inert gas shield for arc welding. A protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals and producing titanium and zirconium. As a cooling medium for nuclear reactors. Liquid h...
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Chlorine
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Atomic Weight: 35.45. Atomic Radius: 175 pm (Van der Waals). Melting Point: -101.5 C. Boiling Point: -34.04 C. Oxidation States: 7, 5, 1, -1. From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite. It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is ob...
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